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Você acha que, num país pobre e carente de desenvolvimento como o Brasil, é mesmo prioritário ficar discutindo os níveis de poluentes nos combustíveis? Por exemplo, se você soubesse que, há um ano atrás, a agência brasileira que regula os combustíveis, temendo prejuízos financeiros, deu um prazo maior para que a Petrobras se adaptasse para produzir um diesel mais limpo, você acharia um absurdo? Ou acha que deveríamos ser mais tolerantes com uma empresa que produz tanto para o Brasil?

Agora... e se você ficasse sabendo que, por causa daquela decisão de dar mais prazo, 14.000 pessoas vão morrer ao longo de quatro anos? Sua opinião continua a mesma?

É apostando que a resposta é “não” que muitos pesquisadores tem buscado quantificar danos à saúde, em busca de argumentos contundentes para sensibilizar a gestão e a opinião pública sobre temas relacionados ao meio ambiente. “Nós acabamos de entregar para o Ministério da Saúde o quanto custou não atender a resolução 315 do Diesel Limpo no Brasil. Dá um excesso de 14.000 mortes por poluição no país”, diz Paulo Saldiva, Coordenador do Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Ambiental da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. “Isso nunca foi levado em discussão. Se fosse, você acha que alguém assinaria um acordo autorizando a morte de 14.000 pessoas?”.

A metereologista Micheline Coelho, uma das cientistas alistadas na cruzada de Saldiva, desenvolveu o Modelo Brasileiro de Clima e Saúde para relacionar três variáveis: condições meteorológicas, impacto à saúde pública e níveis de poluição. “Se eu fosse fazer isso em uma cidade limpa, usaria somente a variável metereológica e a saúde. Mas, em grandes centros, é importante que as três variáveis sejam medidas juntas. Infelizmente, as pessoas que moram em São Paulo estão o tempo todo sob o efeito das variáveis climáticas e da poluição.”

Através de seus estudos, Micheline consegue prever com quatro dias de antecedência o acréscimo de internações em hospitais públicos por doenças respiratórias. “O legal é que, com isso, os hospitais podem se preparar, realocando médicos ou reservando leitos”, explica. Para se ter uma ideia do tamanho do impacto, segundo o modelo, se em três dias uma massa polar provoca uma queda brusca de 15 graus na temperatura, somada ao efeito da poluição, o aumento de internações é de 95%.

A qualidade do ar já reduziu a expectativa de vida do paulistano em um ano e meio em média – o equivalente a fumar quatro cigarros por dia. Em termos econômicos, isso significa um prejuízo anual de cerca de R$ 400 milhões, com internações, medicamentos, faltas no trabalho ou perda da produtividade. A conta foi feita pela professora de Engenharia da Unifesp Diadema, Simone Miraglia. “É uma questão muito polêmica falar em valor de vida. Na verdade, não precisaria nem falar. Bastava eu dizer que existe o dano, que a gestão pública deveria se focar nele. Como isso, por si só, infelizmente não é uma informação suficiente, a gente tenta dar uma ideia do montante econômico para justificar outros investimentos”.

Com R$ 400 milhões seria possível construir 40 ciclovias como a recém inaugurada na Marginal Pinheiros, que possui 14 quilômetros. Ou mais de 18 parques lineares como o Zilda Arns, localizado na Zona Leste da cidade, que soma 224.000 metros quadrados de área e beneficia diretamente 300.000 pessoas. Ou, ainda, 12 novos conjuntos de vagões do metrô, como os que circulam na linha verde, com capacidade para o transporte de 24.000 passageiros – e o aumento de 50% na concentração de poluentes registrado nas greves do metrô de 1986 a 2006 são prova de que metrô faz bem à saúde.

De acordo com Saldiva, é fundamental que o sistema de saúde se prepare para estas novas demandas. Já a gestão pública deve priorizar o investimento na pesquisa de tecnologias menos poluentes, áreas verdes e, principalmente, transporte coletivo. O transporte individual consome 30 vezes mais combustível por passageiro do que o ônibus e 70 vezes mais energia se comparado ao metrô. Segundo dados da Agência Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo, a Cetesb, 90% dos poluentes gasosos são originados a partir da queima de combustíveis fósseis nos veículos automotivos.

Júlio César

Eu acho que se deveria investir mais em politicas à favor do meio ambiente, principalmente em um país com o Brasil que é tão rico em recursos naturais, sabemos que a sociedade já está se concientizando mesmo que de forma lenta; nos cobramos muito pouco dos nossos governantes não somente sobre essas ações mas de tudo, simplesmente por que temos uma cultura que não corre atrás de seus direitos. Devemos cobrar mais, fiscaliza mais e fazermos também nossa parte por que nós moramos nesse mundo e pelo menos a curto prazo não iremos morar nenhum outro e sabemos que a natureza está aqui gerenciando nosso planeta a milhões de anos e com ou sem nós continuará nos iremos, ela ficará e não o contrario.

Publicado em 06.08.2010

Cintia

Concordo que o governo é parte muito importante (em quase tudo). Mas também acho que é muito fácil colocar nele a culpa de tudo, quando na realidade a população colabora - e muito - quando de trata de problemas assim. A maioria das pessoas que conheço que têm carro não precisam realmente dele. É um comodismo bobo e razões mais bobas ainda, como "status"(coisa ultrapassada), preguiça de caminhar ou pegar um ônibus. Sem falar nos comerciais de carros que passam a todo momento na tv, estão nos impressos, na internet, por todos os lados, propagando a ideia de "olha como você seria maneiríssimo tendo este carro". É terrível: em São Paulo o pedestre é maltratado, muitas vezes não encontra vias para chegar onde quer, tem de ficar parando e desviando a todo momento nas calçadas, pois a maioria já se tornou estacionamento. Outra coisa que traria o melhor dos desenvolvimentos para o Brasil seria parar de ampliar rodovias e investir em ferrovias. Seria melhor para a população em geral, mas sabemos que interesses financeiros impedem que isso seja feito. Enfim, acho que as pessoas todas têm o poder de resolver essa situação em que estamos, cada um fazendo o que pode. Infelizmente são poucas as pessoas que sabem disso.

Publicado em 30.08.2010

Gyporiempipsy

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Publicado em 02.12.2011

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Publicado em 23.10.2011

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